arbitrární

Arbitrární is a term used across various fields to describe something that is based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system. In linguistics, an arbitrary sign is one where the connection between the signifier (the word or symbol) and the signified (the concept it represents) is not naturally motivated. For example, the word "dog" has no inherent connection to the animal it denotes; other languages use entirely different sounds and spellings for the same concept. This arbitrariness is a fundamental characteristic of most human languages.

In mathematics, an arbitrary element is one that is chosen without any specific properties other than those that are generally assumed. For instance, when proving a general property of a set, one might select an arbitrary element from that set. The proof then applies to any element because the chosen element was not special in any way. This allows for universal conclusions to be drawn.

In logic and philosophy, the concept of arbitrariness can relate to decisions, rules, or conventions that lack a necessary or logical foundation. Such arbitrary choices can be contrasted with those that are determined by objective facts, rational principles, or natural laws. The recognition of arbitrariness is important for understanding the constructed nature of many social norms, legal systems, and even scientific classifications. It highlights that what might seem natural or inevitable is often a product of historical development or collective agreement.