apellide

An apellide refers to a surname or family name, commonly used in many cultures to identify an individual's lineage or familial connections. The term originates from the Latin word *appellidus*, meaning "to call" or "to name," reflecting its role in personal identification. Unlike given names, which are typically unique to an individual, surnames are shared among family members and often indicate heritage, occupation, or geographic origin.

In many languages, the concept of an apellide is fundamental to naming conventions. For example, in Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian cultures, surnames are often passed down through generations, with some families adopting multiple surnames (e.g., compound surnames like *Martínez-González*). In contrast, some societies, such as those in parts of Africa or Asia, may use patronymic or matronymic naming systems, where surnames derive from a parent’s given name rather than a fixed hereditary lineage.

The use of surnames became more widespread in Europe during the Middle Ages, particularly as feudal systems required formal records for taxation, inheritance, and military service. Over time, surnames evolved to serve social and legal functions, distinguishing individuals in bureaucratic and legal contexts. Today, they remain a key component of personal identification in most modern naming systems, though their structure and significance vary across cultures.

Some societies also recognize the concept of a *segundo apellide* (second surname) or *apellidos compuestos* (compound surnames), where individuals may carry two or more surnames, often reflecting blended family backgrounds or historical naming traditions. The study of surnames, known as onomastics or toponymy, examines their origins, meanings, and cultural implications, offering insights into historical migration patterns and social structures.