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Metabolic disorders, also known as metabolic diseases, are a group of conditions that disrupt normal metabolism. Metabolism refers to the complex set of chemical processes that occur within the body to sustain life. These processes involve converting food into energy, building and repairing tissues, and eliminating waste products. When these processes are faulty, it can lead to a buildup of harmful substances or a deficiency of essential ones, impacting various bodily functions.

There are many different types of metabolic disorders, each with its own causes and symptoms. Some are inherited, meaning they are caused by genetic mutations passed down from parents. Others can be acquired later in life due to factors like diet, lifestyle, or environmental exposures. Common examples include diabetes mellitus, which affects blood sugar regulation, and phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic disorder where the body cannot break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. Thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, are also considered metabolic issues as they affect the body's energy utilization.

Symptoms of metabolic disorders can vary widely depending on the specific condition. They may include fatigue, unexplained weight changes, digestive problems, skin issues, developmental delays in children, and even organ damage if left untreated. Diagnosis typically involves medical history, physical examination, blood tests, and sometimes genetic testing. Treatment approaches are tailored to the individual disorder and can include dietary changes, medication, hormone replacement therapy, or enzyme replacement therapy. Early diagnosis and management are crucial for preventing complications and improving the quality of life for individuals with metabolic disorders.