antitussiv

An antitussive, or cough suppressant, is a medication used to suppress coughing. Antitussives work by dampening the cough reflex, either centrally in the brainstem or peripherally in the airways. Central agents include opioids such as codeine and hydrocodone, and non-opioids such as dextromethorphan. Dextromethorphan acts mainly as an NMDA receptor antagonist and has fewer analgesic effects than opioids. Peripheral antitussives, such as benzonatate, numb the stretch receptors in the respiratory tract, reducing cough stimuli. Noscapine is used in some regions and has milder central effects.

Antitussives are typically used for nonproductive, irritating coughs to provide relief of cough reflex without addressing the underlying cause. They are generally not recommended for productive coughs, where coughing helps clear mucus, or as a treatment for the underlying illness. Some formulations combine antitussives with other remedies such as decongestants or antihistamines. Selection depends on the cough characteristics, patient age, pregnancy status, and comorbid conditions.

Safety and regulatory considerations vary by country. Codeine-containing products are frequently restricted or avoided in children and during certain medical circumstances due to risks of respiratory depression and misuse. Dextromethorphan can interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and other serotonergic drugs, and excessive use may cause dizziness, confusion, or, at high doses, dissociation. Benzonatate may cause numbness of the mouth and throat and should be used with caution in patients with swallowing difficulties. As with all medications, antitussives should be used under appropriate guidance, especially in children, pregnant individuals, and those with underlying respiratory or psychiatric conditions.