antimonates

Antimonates are inorganic compounds containing antimony in the +5 oxidation state bonded to oxygen, typically represented by the antimonate anion SbO4^3− and related polyoxoanions. In solution, antimony(V) forms SbO4^3− under neutral to basic conditions, and these units can polymerize to a variety of metantimonate or other polyoxoanion structures. In crystalline solids, Sb(V) commonly forms networks by linking SbO4 units, yielding salts with a wide range of cations.

Most antimonates consist of the SbO4^3− anion balanced by metal cations, such as alkali or alkaline earth metals, or by rare-earth and transition-metal ions. The anions can assemble into three‑dimensional frameworks or layered structures, and their chemistry is related to that of other oxyanion systems such as phosphates and silicates. The term can also encompass more complex, condensation-derived polyoxoanions of antimony.

Synthesis typically involves oxidation of antimony sources in the presence of base or neutralization of antimonic acid with metal bases to form insoluble or sparingly soluble salts. In solution, equilibria among H3SbO4, SbO2(OH)3−, and SbO4^3− species can occur depending on pH and concentration.

Applications and occurrence: antimonates appear in ceramics, glasses, pigments, and catalytic materials. They are studied for their solid-state structures, ion-exchange properties, and potential use as catalysts or functional dielectrics. Like other antimony compounds, antimonates should be handled with appropriate safety precautions due to toxicity concerns.