annihilators

Annihilators is a term used in several disciplines to describe a relation in which a certain action yields zero or disappearance of a quantity. In mathematics, the concept is used in linear algebra, functional analysis, and ring and module theory, while in physics it describes a physical process in which a particle and its antiparticle destroy each other, releasing energy.

In linear algebra and functional analysis, the annihilator of a subset S of a vector space V over a field F is the set of all linear functionals on V that vanish on every element of S. If W is a subspace of V, its annihilator W^0 lies in the dual space V*, and W^0 consists of all functionals that are zero on W. For finite-dimensional V, the dimensions satisfy dim(W) + dim(W^0) = dim(V). The annihilator concept generalizes to dualities and to subspaces defined by bilinear forms.

In ring and module theory, the annihilator of a module M over a ring R is the ideal Ann_R(M) = { r in R | r m = 0 for all m in M }. More generally, the annihilator of a subset N of M is Ann_R(N) = { r in R | r n = 0 for all n in N }. Annihilators identify elements of the ring that act trivially on the given module or subset.

In physics, annihilation refers to a process where a particle collides with its antiparticle and both are converted into other particles or energy, commonly photons. Electron–positron annihilation is a well-known example, producing gamma rays. The term reflects the notion of turning a pair into zero net quantity in the appropriate interaction.

Across contexts, annihilators formalize the idea of elements that “kill” a specified set or pair, either by mapping to zero or by converting its existence into energy.