annexing

Annexing refers to the act of incorporating territory into the sovereign jurisdiction of a state, thereby making that territory part of the annexing state. It can occur through unilateral action, such as a declaration of incorporation following military occupation, or through negotiated means, such as a treaty or constitutional change that transfers sovereignty. Annexation typically signals an intentional and lasting change in a territory’s political and legal status.

Legal framework and controversy. In modern international law, the acquisition of territory by force is generally prohibited under the UN Charter and customary international law, and unilateral annexation of occupied territory is widely regarded as illegitimate unless there is broad international recognition or explicit consent from the affected population. Some historical annexations achieved limited or contested recognition, but the prevailing norm is to respect territorial integrity and the right of peoples to self-determination. Disputed annexations often provoke international condemnation, sanctions, and ongoing diplomatic or judicial disputes.

Methods and processes. Annexation may proceed through a formal treaty or constitutional amendment that absorbs the territory, or through a unilateral proclamation following occupation. Sometimes referenda or local elections are used to justify the change in sovereignty, though the fairness and freedom of such votes are frequently contested in the eyes of the international community. The legal status of the annexed territory can remain contested for years, shaping relations with other states and affecting the rights of residents.

Examples and consequences. Notable debates around annexation include cases such as Crimea in 2014, where the annexation by a state was widely disputed and not broadly recognized. In contrast, some regions have joined another state through voluntary processes with broader recognition. Annexation has lasting political, legal, and human rights implications for residents and neighboring states.