anionok

Anionok, or anions, are negatively charged species formed when atoms or molecules gain electrons. The plural term "anionok" is used in Hungarian to refer to this class; in English, they are called anions. Anions carry a net negative charge and are commonly found in salts and many biological and chemical systems.

Most anions are monoatomic or polyatomic ions. Typical simple anions include chloride (Cl−), hydroxide (OH−), fluoride (F−), and cyanide (CN−). Polyatomic examples include nitrate (NO3−), sulfate (SO4^2−), carbonate (CO3^2−), phosphate (PO4^3−), and acetate (C2H3O2−). Anions are named using -ide for simple ions and -ate or -ite for polyatomic ions, depending on their composition and oxygen content.

Anions form by gaining electrons, often in reactions that transfer electrons between species, or by deprotonation of acids. In aqueous solution, anions move toward the anode during electrolysis and contribute to solution conductivity and pH buffering. They form the counterions in many salts, participate in acid–base chemistry, and are essential in biological systems (for example, chloride in body fluids and phosphate in nucleic acids).

Analytical techniques for detecting and quantifying anions include ion chromatography and various electrophoretic methods. Common applications span water analysis, chemical synthesis, environmental monitoring, and industrial processes.

Overall, anionok are a fundamental category of ions with diverse roles in chemistry, biology, and environmental science.