analogies

An analogy is a cognitive process and rhetorical device that highlights a similarity of relationship between two pairs of concepts. Rather than stating that two things are alike in all respects, an analogy maps the relation of one pair onto another. A classic form is A is to B as C is to D, which expresses a proportional relationship between elements. Analogy differs from metaphor and simile in that it emphasizes structural correspondence and transfer of known relations to unfamiliar domains, whereas metaphor or simile focus more on likeness or attributes.

Analogy plays a central role in reasoning, problem solving, and education. It can function as a model or explanation by transferring understanding from a familiar domain to a less familiar one. Types include literal analogies, where two things share the same defining relationship, and analogical reasoning, where conclusions are drawn about one domain based on observed similarities in another. In science and engineering, analogies aid hypothesis generation and design, such as comparing a circuit to a network of pipes to illustrate flow and resistance. In law and rhetoric, analogical arguments extend rules or illustrate points by comparing similar cases or situations.

Limitations include the risk of false analogies—when the shared relations are not sufficiently relevant, leading to wrong conclusions. Well-chosen analogies support learning and creative thinking but must be evaluated for relevance and scope. Historically, the study of analogy traces back to Aristotle and has continued to be a foundational concept in cognitive science and philosophy.