allergyimmunology

Allergy and immunology is a medical specialty focused on the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases and immune system disorders. Clinicians typically complete a residency in internal medicine or pediatrics and then undertake a fellowship in allergy and immunology, after which they may pursue board certification. The field covers IgE-mediated allergies as well as broader immune dysfunction.

Common conditions include asthma and allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergies, insect sting and venom allergies, drug hypersensitivity, and primary or secondary immune deficiencies. The aim is to identify triggers, understand immune responses, and prevent or manage symptoms while maintaining quality of life and safety.

Diagnostic tools combine clinical history with tests such as skin prick or blood tests for specific IgE, component-resolved diagnostics, and supervised oral food or drug challenges. Immunodeficiency workups may measure immunoglobulin levels, antibody responses to vaccines, and lymphocyte subsets. In complex cases, referral centers use specialized tests like basophil activation tests.

Treatment includes avoidance strategies when feasible, pharmacotherapy to control symptoms, and emergency management for severe reactions. Allergen immunotherapy, delivered as injections (SCIT) or under the tongue (SLIT), can modify disease course. Biologic therapies targeting IgE or inflammatory pathways (eg, omalizumab, mepolizumab, dupilumab) are increasingly used for severe asthma and allergic diseases.

Training and practice vary by country but generally involve residency, fellowship, and board certification. Allergy and immunology specialists work in hospitals, clinics, and academic centers, often collaborating with dermatology, pulmonology, pediatrics, and rheumatology. Ongoing research explores mechanisms of tolerance, biomarker-based patient stratification, and novel therapies.

Public health aspects include improving access to care, patient education, and strategies to reduce exposure to allergens. The field continually evolves with advances in diagnostics, immunotherapies, and understanding of immune regulation.