alembics

Alembics are a type of distillation apparatus historically used in alchemy, early chemistry, and later in perfumery and spirits production. The word derives from a term in Arabic, through Latin and French into English, reflecting its long-standing presence in medieval science. An alembic typically consists of a pot or bulb-shaped vessel for heating, a detachable cap or head that forms a connection to the vapor path, a curved neck or conduit to guide vapors, and a separate receiver to collect the distillate once the vapor condenses. The design emphasizes gentle heating and efficient collection of volatile components.

In use, heat applied to the boiling vessel causes liquid to vaporize. The vapor rises into the head, travels through the neck, and is condensed back to liquid in a cooler area, with the liquid portion dripping into the receiver. Variations exist in materials (metal, glass, or ceramic) and in the configuration of the cap and neck, but the general principle remains the same: to separate substances by controlled vaporization and condensation.

Historically, alembics played a central role in medieval and early modern attempts to purify and concentrate substances, extract essential oils, and produce medicinal tinctures. They were widely used for distilling water, alcohol, and various chemical compounds. By the 19th century, standardized glassware and more modern distillation methods largely supplanted traditional alembics, but the term persists in historical contexts and in certain artisanal practices.

Today, alembics are often referenced as a stylistic or antique form of still, especially in perfumery and craft spirit production, where copper or ornate designs evoke traditional distillation practices.