alSaflieni

alSaflieni, usually written Ħal Saflieni, refers to a Maltese archaeological site located in Paola, best known for the Hypogeum of Ħal Saflieni, an underground temple and necropolis dating to the Neolithic period. The Hypogeum is carved from natural limestone and encompasses three interconnecting levels that were used for ceremonial and burial purposes. The complex features a sequence of chambers and passages, with plastered walls and painted motifs, and architectural elements such as corbelled ceilings and ventilation shafts that reveal sophisticated prehistoric engineering.

Dating to roughly 4000–2500 BCE, the Hypogeum reflects a high degree of social organization and ritual activity among Malta’s ancient communities. Its three-layer layout includes spaces interpreted as living areas, tombs, and ritual chambers, illustrating a multifunctional use beyond simple burial. The site also yields artifacts and complexes that have contributed to understanding Malta’s broader megalithic temple culture.

Discovery and preservation: alSaflieni was discovered in 1902 during building works and subsequently opened to archaeological exploration. Due to its fragile condition, extensive conservation measures have been implemented. In 1980, the Hypogeum, together with Malta’s megalithic temples, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Megalithic Temples of Malta.

Access and significance: Because of its delicacy, access to the Hypogeum is strictly controlled and limited to guided tours with advance booking. The site is regarded as one of the most important prehistoric archaeological sites in the Mediterranean, notable for its age, scale, and craftsmanship, which shed light on early ceremonial and funerary practices in Malta.