ZweiPhotonenPolymerisation

ZweiPhotonenPolymerisation, commonly known as two-photon polymerization (2PP), is an advanced photolithography technique used in the fabrication of micro- and nanoscale structures. This method relies on the simultaneous absorption of two photons by a photoresist material, enabling precise three-dimensional patterning with high resolution. Unlike traditional photolithography, which uses a single photon to induce chemical reactions, 2PP leverages the nonlinear optical properties of certain dyes or polymers, allowing for selective curing in a confined volume where the laser focus intersects.

The process typically involves a femtosecond pulsed laser, which delivers ultra-short bursts of light to initiate polymerization only at the focal point. This localized energy deposition permits the creation of intricate, high-aspect-ratio structures with feature sizes as small as tens of nanometers. Applications of 2PP span fields such as micro-optics, microfluidics, biomimetic scaffolds, and metamaterials, where fine structural control is essential.

One of the key advantages of 2PP is its ability to fabricate complex geometries without the need for masking or multi-step processes, reducing production time and cost. However, challenges remain, including limited writing speeds, material compatibility, and the requirement for specialized laser systems. Research continues to optimize photoresists, improve fabrication efficiency, and expand the technique’s applicability in nanofabrication and materials science.