Xenobot

Xenobot is a term used for programmable, living agents created by assembling cells from the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) into designed, self-supporting shapes. The concept was first demonstrated in 2020 by researchers at the University of Vermont and Tufts University. Xenobots are composed of living cells arranged into microscopic structures; the majority are derived from frog embryo cells, including heart muscle cells that provide motion and skin cells that form the framework. Designs are generated by computer algorithms that optimize shapes for specific tasks, after which the cells are guided to self-assemble into the target form.

In operation, xenobots lack brains and electronics. Movement and behavior arise from the intrinsic properties of the cells and their configuration, enabling the organisms to swim in fluids, push or collect tiny particles, and perform simple tasks autonomously for limited periods in controlled environments. They are considered a form of biohybrid system, combining biological tissue with fabrication and computational design, rather than traditional mechanical robotics.

The field raises questions about safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Research emphasizes containment, reversibility, and the non-neural, non-electronic nature of the components. Some studies have explored the possibility of self-replication under particular conditions, but such capabilities remain experimental and not a practical or uncontrolled process.

Potential applications include targeted drug delivery at micro-scales, environmental sensing or cleanup, and using xenobots as models to study collective behavior and tissue engineering. They remain primarily in academic research, with ongoing discussions about governance, ethical oversight, and responsible development before any real-world deployment.