Wenming

Wenming (文明) is a Chinese term that translates to "civilization" or "culture." It encompasses a broad range of concepts related to societal development, moral progress, and the refinement of human behavior and knowledge. In ancient Chinese thought, wenming often referred to the cultivation of virtue, the establishment of social order, and the development of arts and sciences. It was seen as a process of moving from a more primitive state to a more sophisticated and harmonious one.

The concept of wenming is deeply intertwined with Chinese history and philosophy. Confucianism, in particular, emphasizes the importance of wenming through its focus on ethical conduct, ritual propriety (li), and the cultivation of the self. The spread of wenming was often associated with the influence of the Chinese state and its cultural achievements.

In modern China, wenming continues to be a significant concept, often used in discussions about national identity, social progress, and ethical values. Government campaigns sometimes promote "spiritual civilization" (jingshen wenming) which aims to foster positive social behaviors and a stronger sense of collective responsibility. The term can also be used more generally to describe the achievements and characteristics of any advanced society.