Wandödem

Wandödem is a term used in medical discussions to denote edema localized within the walls of tubular structures, such as blood vessels, ducts, or airway walls. The word combines wand, from Germanic roots meaning wall, with ödem, edema. In current practice, wandödem is not a formal diagnostic category; rather, it is described as a pattern of fluid accumulation confined to the wall itself.

Pathophysiology involves increased permeability of the wall’s vessels or ducts and inflammatory or immune-mediated processes that lead to fluid buildup in the wall layers, such as the subepithelial or adventitial regions. This internal wall edema can occur alongside systemic edema or in isolation, and it may contribute to luminal narrowing or stiffness of the affected conduit.

Common locations include blood vessel walls, airway walls, and the walls of ducts in the gastrointestinal or biliary systems. Clinical features depend on location and may include localized swelling, discomfort, impaired flow or ventilation, and, in cases of airway or biliary involvement, potential obstruction or pain.

Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical suspicion and imaging. Ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging can reveal wall thickening and edema, while endoscopic examination or biopsy may be used to exclude infection, vasculitis, neoplasm, or inflammatory diseases.

Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive therapy, infection control, or management of systemic fluid overload. In cases of obstruction, interventional or surgical strategies may be required. Prognosis varies with the etiology and response to treatment. See also edema, wall thickening, and vasculitis.