Väriaines

Väriaines, meaning “colorant” in Finnish, refers to substances used to impart color to materials such as foods, cosmetics, textiles, and industrial products. They can be dyes (soluble) or pigments (insoluble particles), and may be natural or synthetic.

Natural colorants derive from plants and include compounds such as carotenoids (beta-carotene), chlorophyll, and anthocyanins; synthetic colorants are man-made and widely used for vivid hues. In the food industry, colorants are often labeled with regulatory codes such as E numbers in the EU; in cosmetics and textiles, different regulatory standards apply. Environmental and health concerns drive ongoing evaluation of these substances.

In foods, colorants are used to restore appearance and appeal; in cosmetics to achieve product color; in textiles and printing to provide hues; in plastics and coatings. The choice of dye or pigment depends on stability, lightfastness, and compatibility with the formulation.

Regulation and safety oversight vary by jurisdiction. In the EU and elsewhere, colorants undergo safety assessments by authorities like the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); usage limits are set, and labeling is required in many markets. Regulations such as REACH govern production, usage, and environmental impact. Safety considerations include potential allergies or intolerances, and some colorants are restricted or banned in certain markets.

The history of colorants traces back to ancient times with natural dyes, followed by the 19th century’s advent of synthetic dyes (notably mauveine), which transformed industries by offering a broader and more stable palette.