Vodovods

Vodovods refers to the network of pipes, pumps, valves, storage facilities and related infrastructure that delivers potable water from sources to consumers. The system supports reliable pressure, adequate flow, and water quality through transmission mains, distribution networks, treatment plants and service connections.

Components include water sources (surface water or groundwater), water treatment facilities (coagulation, filtration, disinfection), transmission mains, distribution mains, service connections, meters, hydrants and valves, as well as storage such as reservoirs or elevated tanks. Modern networks may also include backflow preventers and air-release devices.

Operation relies on pumps or gravity to maintain pressure and flow. Water treatment protects public health before distribution, and monitoring systems, including SCADA and sensors, track pressure, flow, and quality to detect leaks, contamination, or equipment failure.

Materials vary by region and age; pipes may be steel, cast or ductile iron, concrete, PVC, HDPE, or composite materials. Joints, coatings and corrosion protection are important for longevity. Design addresses hydraulic balance, resilience, and ease of maintenance.

Management and challenges include leak detection and repair, replacement of aging pipes, reducing non-revenue water, and ensuring supply during droughts or extremes. Climate change and urban growth influence planning and investment.

Regulatory aspects cover water quality standards, cross-connection control, and backflow prevention, plus metering and consumer protection. Operational safety and emergency response are integral to network reliability.

History notes: urban vodovods evolved from ancient aqueducts to centralized, treated-water systems in the 19th and 20th centuries, with ongoing modernization using smart sensors and automated control.