Viljandus

Viljandus is the science and practice of crop production, focusing on the cultivation of grain crops and other arable plants to produce food, feed, and industrial materials. In Estonian usage, the term encompasses agronomic techniques, crop husbandry, and related disciplines such as soil science, plant protection, and breeding, with an emphasis on efficient, sustainable yields.

Core activities include soil preparation, sowing or planting, crop rotation, fertilization, irrigation, weed control, pest and disease management, harvest, and post-harvest handling. The field covers crop management across different stages of plant development, as well as decisions about varieties, planting density, and timing to optimize quality and yield.

Historically, viljandus developed from traditional farming to structured agricultural science during the modernization of European agriculture, with key advances in breeding, mechanization, synthetic fertilizers, and pest control, leading to higher productivity and reliability in food supply.

In contemporary contexts, viljandus integrates ecological farming, precision agriculture, and sustainability goals, addressing soil health, water use, biodiversity, and climate resilience. It underpins rural economies, food security, and the adaptation of farming systems to environmental and market changes, while continuing to evolve through research, education, and policy developments.