Vesiliukokyky

Vesiliukokyky, or water solubility, is the tendency of a chemical species to dissolve in water. It is defined as the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of water at a specified temperature, yielding a saturated solution. Solubility is commonly expressed in units such as grams of solute per liter of solution (g/L) or moles per liter (M). For ionic compounds, solubility is influenced by lattice energy and hydration energy; solubility products (Ksp) describe the equilibrium between solid and dissolved ions in saturated solutions.

Solubility depends strongly on temperature: for many solids, dissolution is endothermic and increases with temperature, whereas some solutes show the opposite. Other factors include polarity and hydrogen bonding capability, ionization state, pH for acids and bases, and the presence of other solutes or cosolvents which can raise or lower apparent solubility.

Examples include sodium chloride, which dissolves readily in water; glucose, which is highly soluble; and nonpolar compounds such as benzene, which have low solubility in water. Solubility also affects environmental fate and bioavailability of chemicals, pharmaceutical formulation, and food chemistry.

Notes: Solubility indicates the equilibrium concentration, not the dissolution rate. It provides the upper limit of solute that can be present in solution; kinetics, solid-form polymorphism, and complexation can modulate observed behavior.