Versprödung

Versprödung refers to a phenomenon where a material, typically a metal or polymer, loses its ductility and becomes more brittle over time or under specific conditions. This loss of flexibility increases the susceptibility to fracture under stress, even at low loads.

In metals, versprödung can occur through various mechanisms. Temper embrittlement, for instance, is a well-known form of embrittlement in steels that happens after prolonged exposure to temperatures within a specific range, typically between 350°C and 550°C. This process is often attributed to the segregation of certain impurity elements like phosphorus or sulfur to grain boundaries. Hydrogen embrittlement is another significant issue where atomic hydrogen diffuses into the metal lattice, weakening the bonds and reducing toughness. Irradiation embrittlement can also occur in metals exposed to high-energy radiation, leading to changes in microstructure that promote brittleness.

For polymers, versprödung can be caused by degradation processes such as oxidation, UV radiation exposure, or thermal aging. These processes can lead to chain scission or cross-linking within the polymer structure, altering its mechanical properties and making it more prone to cracking. The presence of certain additives or fillers can also influence the rate and extent of versprödung in polymers.

The consequences of versprödung can be severe, leading to unexpected failures in components and structures. Understanding the mechanisms and conditions that promote versprödung is crucial for material selection, design, and maintenance to ensure the long-term integrity and safety of engineered systems. Preventive measures often involve controlling operating temperatures, avoiding specific environmental exposures, or using materials with inherent resistance to embrittlement.