Varpaat

Varpaat is the Finnish term for the digits at the end of the foot, commonly translated as toes in English. Humans normally have five varpaat on each foot: the hallux (big toe) and four smaller toes. Some individuals have congenital variations such as polydactyly (an extra toe) or brachydactyly (shortened toes).

Anatomy: Each varpaat consists of phalanges. The hallux has two phalanges (proximal and distal); the other toes have three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal). The phalanges are connected to the metatarsals at the metatarsophalangeal joints, and adjacent phalanges are linked by interphalangeal joints. Nerves from the plantar nerves provide sensation, and arteries supply blood to the toes.

Function: Varpaat contribute to balance and propulsion during walking and running. They assist in weight distribution and help adapt to uneven surfaces. Muscles controlling toe movement include intrinsic foot muscles and tendons that cross the toes, enabling flexion and extension.

Common conditions: Ingrown toenails (onychocryptosis) occur when nails grow into the surrounding skin. Bunions (hallux valgus) involve misalignment of the big toe at the first joint. Hammertoes describe toe deformities with permanent bending of one or more toe joints. Fractures and sprains can result from trauma, and toe deformities may be congenital or develop with age.

Care and prevention: Good foot hygiene, trimming nails straight across, wearing properly fitting shoes, and using orthotics or medical treatment when needed can help maintain varpaat health and prevent common problems.