Urography
Urography is a radiologic examination of the urinary tract that uses contrast material to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It encompasses several imaging techniques designed to depict anatomy, function, and potential pathology of the urinary tract through excretory or cross-sectional methods.
Historically, intravenous urography (intravenous pyelography) involved injecting iodinated contrast and taking timed X-ray images to outline
Modern urography includes retrograde urography, in which contrast is introduced directly into the ureter via catheter
Indications include evaluation of hematuria, flank pain, suspected urinary tract obstruction, stone disease, congenital anomalies, preoperative
Risks include allergic or nephrotoxic reactions to iodinated or gadolinium contrast, and radiation exposure, particularly with