UreaSynthese

Urea synthesis refers to chemical processes used to produce urea, a colorless, crystalline compound with formula CO(NH2)2. Urea is a major nitrogen-containing chemical used as a fertilizer, a chemical intermediate, and a precursor for resins and various polymers.

Historically, the first synthesis was demonstrated by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828, who converted ammonium cyanate into urea. The achievement showed that organic compounds could be made from inorganic substances and is considered a milestone in the development of organic chemistry.

Industrial production is dominated by the Bosch–Meiser process. Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide under high pressure to form ammonium carbamate, which dehydrates to yield urea. The overall reaction is 2 NH3 + CO2 → (NH2)2CO + H2O. The process runs continuously and recycles unconverted reagents.

Urea’s high nitrogen content, solubility, and favorable production cost make it the world's most widely used nitrogen fertilizer. It is also a key feedstock for urea-formaldehyde resins, adhesives, and certain specialty chemicals. In environmental engineering, urea is used in some diesel exhaust fluid formulations to reduce NOx emissions.

Safety and environmental considerations are modest but important. Urea is relatively low in acute toxicity, though dust can irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Thermal decomposition can release ammonia and isocyanic acid; proper handling and waste management are standard requirements.