Ulkomaalaisia

Ulkomaalaisia is a Finnish term used for people who are not Finnish citizens and who were not born in Finland. In statistics and policymaking it often refers to residents with a foreign background, including those born abroad or with foreign citizenship. It is distinct from maahanmuuttaja (immigrant) and from citizens of other countries living in Finland.

Finland has seen increasing migration since the 1990s, influenced by EU membership and by work, study, family ties, and asylum flows. EU and EEA citizens have the right to reside and work, while many non-EU nationals require a residence permit. Migration has contributed to demographic and cultural diversity as well as to changes in the labor market and public services.

Legal status and pathways: People may enter on residence permits for work, study, family reunification, or asylum. Permits are issued and renewed as needed; permanent residence and citizenship can follow after a period of residence and meeting language, integration, and other requirements. EU freedom of movement also affects rights and obligations for those from EU/EEA countries.

Integration and society: Municipalities coordinate integration efforts, including language training and programs to support employment, education, and social participation. Challenges include discrimination in housing and employment, as well as gaps in language and vocational skills. Policy measures aim to improve equal access to services and participation in Finnish society.

Related topics include maahanmuutto (immigration), kansalaisuus (citizenship), and kotouttaminen (integration).