Turmerones

Turmerones are a class of sesquiterpene compounds found in the essential oil of turmeric (Curcuma longa). The major constituents are α-turmerone, β-turmerone, and ar-turmerone (trans-turmerone). They are typically present in the oil derived from dried turmeric rhizomes and contribute to its distinctive aroma.

Turmerones are produced by the plant kernels and are obtained commercially by steam distillation of turmeric rhizomes. In essential oil extracts, turmerones often comprise a significant portion of the volatile fraction alongside other sesquiterpenes. Their lipophilic, volatile nature makes them important for fragrance and flavor applications as well as for potential biological activity observed in studies of turmeric oil.

Chemically, turmerones are non-polar terpenoid compounds within the sesquiterpene class. They are responsible for a portion of the characteristic turmeric scent and are among the better-characterized components of turmeric essential oil, alongside other constituents such as curcuminoids in different fractions.

Biological and pharmacological aspects have been explored largely in preclinical settings. Some studies have investigated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and potential anticancer properties of turmerones, and there are reports of possible neuroprotective effects in laboratory models. However, evidence from human clinical trials remains limited and inconclusive, and turmerones are not approved as therapeutic agents in this context.

Applications and safety considerations: Turmerones are primarily encountered as components of turmeric essential oil used in flavor, fragrance, and traditional herbal preparations. As with essential oils in general, turmerones can be irritants at high concentrations and should be handled with care, diluted for topical use, and appropriate for sensitive individuals or certain populations. See also Curcuma longa and turmeric essential oil.