Tumaczenie

Tumaczenie refers to the process of converting meaning from one language to another. In Polish, the standard term is tłumaczenie; tumaczenie may appear as a historical spelling or regional usage. The field studying this activity is translation studies, which analyzes how language, culture, and context shape meaning transfer.

Translation can be written or oral. Written translation covers books, articles, manuals, and localization; oral translation includes interpretation—simultaneous, consecutive, and whispered.

Core activities include analysis of the source text, transfer of meaning to the target language, drafting, revision, and proofreading. Translators ensure accuracy of meaning, appropriate style, and cultural suitability. Tools such as glossaries, dictionaries, and translation memories support consistency, especially in technical domains.

Quality standards such as ISO 17100 guide professional practice, while machine translation and post-editing are increasingly common. Ethical considerations include confidentiality and avoidance of conflicts of interest.

In historical and theoretical contexts, translation studies examine theories of equivalence, domestication, and cross-cultural transfer, while practitioners focus on faithful and functional transmission of meaning.