Trypetheliaceae

Trypetheliaceae is a family of fungi belonging to the order Trypetheliales, which in turn is classified within the phylum Dothideomycetes. This group comprises primarily lichenized and lichenicolous (lichen-parasitic) species, though some are saprobic or weakly parasitic on plants. The family is notable for its diverse morphological characteristics, including crustose, squamulose, or foliose thalli, and often distinct ascomata (fruiting bodies) that may be immersed, erumpent, or exposed.

Species within Trypetheliaceae typically produce lecanorine or lecanorine-like ascomata, which are often covered by a gelatinous layer or a thin, membranous exciple. The asci are usually unitunicate and contain eight ascospores, which are typically muriform (divided by multiple septa) or muriform-like. The family is distributed globally, with many species found in tropical and temperate regions, often thriving in moist, shaded environments.

The taxonomy of Trypetheliaceae has undergone revisions, particularly with advancements in molecular phylogenetics. Some traditionally classified genera, such as *Trypethelium* and *Trypethelopsis*, have been re-evaluated, leading to the recognition of new genera or the reallocation of species. For example, *Trypethelium* is now considered polyphyletic, prompting further taxonomic studies.

Ecologically, members of Trypetheliaceae play roles in nutrient cycling and microbial interactions within lichen communities. Some species are parasitic on other lichens, influencing their hosts' physiology or contributing to their decline. Due to their often cryptic nature, many species remain poorly studied, and new discoveries continue to expand the known diversity of the family.

Key genera within Trypetheliaceae include *Trypethelium*, *Trypethelopsis*, *Trypethelium* sensu stricto, and *Trypetheliopsis*, though the exact classification may vary based on recent taxonomic revisions. Research into this family remains active, with ongoing efforts to clarify its phylogenetic relationships and ecological roles.