Triamcinolona

Triamcinolona, also known as triamcinolone, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid used for its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-allergic effects. It is available in multiple formulations for topical, intralesional, intra-articular, intramuscular, inhaled, and intranasal use. Common topical forms include creams, ointments, and dental pastes; intralesional and intra-articular injections treat inflammatory skin conditions and joint disorders; nasal and inhaled preparations address allergic rhinitis and certain respiratory conditions. Ophthalmic and dental applications also exist, such as intravitreal injections for ocular inflammation and dental pastes for mucosal lesions.

The drug works by binding to glucocorticoid receptors and modulating gene transcription, leading to reduced production of inflammatory mediators. It inhibits phospholipase A2 activity in part through induction of lipocortin-1, decreases leukocyte migration, and suppresses immune responses, thereby alleviating symptoms of inflammation and allergy.

Adverse effects depend on the route and duration of use. Topical forms can cause skin thinning, atrophy, striae, telangiectasia, and pigment changes. Systemic absorption from extensive or prolonged use may suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, potentially affecting growth in children and causing features of Cushing syndrome, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, or hypertension. Injections may lead to local pain, infection, or fat atrophy at the site. Nasal and inhaled forms can cause mucosal irritation, nasal bleeding, or hoarseness. Contraindications include active systemic fungal infections and, generally, infection at the treatment site; caution is advised in diabetes, glaucoma, osteoporosis, pregnancy, and in patients receiving live vaccines.

Brand names include Kenalog and Aristocort, among others. Availability and dosing are formulation- and condition-specific.