Traktsioonimootorid

Traktsioonimootorid, or traction motors, are electric motors used to provide torque for propulsion in vehicles. They are a fundamental component in electric and hybrid vehicles, as well as electric trains and trams. Traction motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, which is then transferred to the wheels to move the vehicle.

There are several types of traction motors, with the most common being direct current (DC) motors and alternating current (AC) motors. DC motors, such as series or compound wound motors, were historically prevalent in early electric vehicles and trains due to their robust design and good starting torque. However, they often require complex control systems and maintenance. AC motors, particularly induction motors and permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), have become dominant in modern electric vehicles. AC motors offer higher efficiency, better performance, and require less maintenance. Induction motors are known for their ruggedness and cost-effectiveness, while PMSMs provide superior power density and efficiency.

The operation of a traction motor involves generating a magnetic field that interacts with another magnetic field, creating a rotational force. In DC motors, this is achieved through the interaction of the stator's magnetic field and the rotor's magnetic field, with commutators and brushes facilitating the switching of current. AC motors rely on rotating magnetic fields created by the stator windings, which then induce currents in the rotor, causing it to follow the rotating field.

The selection of a traction motor depends on various factors, including the vehicle's size, weight, desired performance, efficiency targets, and cost considerations. Their integration into a vehicle's powertrain involves a power electronics system, typically an inverter, which controls the motor's speed and torque by regulating the flow of electrical energy from the battery or power source.