Tozlar

Tozlar is the Turkish plural for dusts, referring to tiny solid particles that are suspended in air or settle on surfaces. They come from minerals, soil, pollen, and various organic matter. In air quality science, dust is often categorized by size, with PM10 and PM2.5 indicating particles with aerodynamic diameters under 10 and 2.5 micrometers, respectively.

Natural sources include wind-blown desert dust, volcanic ash, sea spray, and biological material. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, construction, agriculture, and industry also generate dust. Dust can travel long distances, creating regional plumes that affect areas far from the source.

Composition varies by source. Mineral dust may consist of quartz, clays, and feldspars; organic and biological matter can include pollen and microbial material. Dust particles can carry adsorbed pollutants, influencing toxicity and environmental fate.

Health effects depend on size and content; inhalation of fine dust is linked to respiratory and cardiovascular problems, while coarse dust can irritate the eyes and throat. Dust deposition influences soil chemistry, water quality, and ecosystems, and aerosols affect climate by scattering light and serving as cloud nuclei.

Monitoring combines gravimetric and optical methods, reporting metrics such as PM10 and PM2.5. Air quality indexes and satellite observations help track dust events. Indoor dust is measured separately and can carry allergens and contaminants.

Mitigation focuses on reducing emissions, improving filtration and ventilation, water or stabilization techniques on construction sites, and using vegetation or windbreaks to limit dust mobilization. In high-exposure settings, protective masks may be advised.