Torpedos

Torpedoes are self-propelled underwater projectiles that are launched from submarines, ships, or aircraft. Their primary purpose is to detonate against a target, typically another vessel, causing significant damage. Early torpedoes were often steam-powered and had a relatively short range and inaccurate guidance. Modern torpedoes are usually powered by electric motors or more advanced propulsion systems, offering greater speed, range, and sophisticated guidance capabilities.

Guidance systems in torpedoes have evolved significantly. Initially, they relied on a straight-running path or a simple pattern. Today, many torpedoes utilize active or passive sonar to track their targets. Active sonar emits sound pulses and listens for echoes, while passive sonar detects the sound produced by the target. Some advanced torpedoes can even be wire-guided, allowing a launch platform to control their trajectory after deployment.

The development of the torpedo began in the latter half of the 19th century, with key figures like Robert Whitehead making significant contributions to its design and manufacture. Torpedoes played a crucial role in naval warfare throughout the 20th century and continue to be a vital weapon system in modern navies. They are designed to be launched from various platforms, each with its own advantages and disadvantages regarding stealth, range, and payload. The effectiveness of a torpedo depends on factors such as its warhead size, guidance system accuracy, and the target's countermeasures.