Torpediniformes

Torpediniformes is an order of cartilaginous fish commonly known as electric rays. They are characterized by their disc-shaped bodies, which are formed by the fusion of their pectoral fins to their head. Unlike most rays, which have a whip-like tail, torpediniformes possess a thick, muscular tail with two dorsal fins and a distinct caudal fin. Their most distinctive feature is the presence of powerful electric organs located on either side of their head, derived from modified muscle tissue.

These electric organs can generate a significant electrical discharge, which serves multiple purposes. Torpediniformes use their electric shock primarily for defense against predators and for stunning prey. The voltage produced varies depending on the species, ranging from a few volts to over 200 volts. Their diet consists mainly of small fish and invertebrates, which they ambush from the seabed.

Torpediniformes are found in temperate and tropical waters worldwide, inhabiting a variety of marine environments, from shallow coastal areas to the deep sea. They are benthic, meaning they live on or near the bottom of the ocean. Reproduction is typically viviparous, with the young developing inside the mother and being born live. Some species are solitary, while others may congregate in certain areas. The order Torpediniformes includes several families, such as Torpedinidae, Narcinidae, and Narkidae, with numerous species exhibiting a wide range of sizes and electrical capabilities.