Toes

Toes are the digits of the foot, typically five on each foot in humans. They bear weight, aid in balance, and act in propulsion during walking or running. The big toe (hallux) is typically the largest and most stable.

Anatomy: Each toe has three phalanges except the hallux, which has two (proximal and distal). Joints include the metatarsophalangeal joints at the base and the interphalangeal joints along the toe. The bones are connected by ligaments; the nail covers the dorsal surface, with soft tissue padding on the plantar side. Intrinsic muscles and the extrinsic muscles in the leg contribute to toe movement. Nerve supply comes from digital nerves branches of the tibial and peroneal nerves; blood supply from the dorsalis pedis and plantar arteries.

Function: Toes help with balance, adjust the body's center of mass, and provide leverage for push-off during forward movement. They also contribute to spatial orientation and maintaining posture.

Variation and common conditions: Most people have five toes per foot, but genetic variations can include extra toes (polydactyly) or fewer toes (meromelia). Toe deformities include bunions (hallux valgus) at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, hammer toes, mallet toes, and claw toes. Nail and skin conditions include ingrown toenails and paronychia.

Health and development: Toe injuries include fractures and dislocations; overuse injuries like turf toe; arthritis can affect toe joints. Regular care includes proper footwear, trimming nails straight across to prevent ingrown nails, and addressing deformities or pain with medical guidance.