Tobak

Tobak refers to the leaves of Nicotiana species cured for use in tobacco products. The main cultivated species is Nicotiana tabacum, though Nicotiana rustica is grown in some regions. The leaves contain nicotine, an addictive alkaloid. Tobacco products include cigarettes and cigars, as well as smokeless forms such as chewing tobacco and snuff.

Tobacco originated in the Americas, where indigenous peoples used it in ceremonial and practical contexts. European explorers observed it in the 15th–16th centuries, and it spread globally through trade. The term tobacco is thought to derive from a Taíno or Caribbean word tabaco; the genus Nicotiana was named after Jean Nicot, who sent seeds to France in the 16th century.

Grown in warm climates, tobacco is harvested and leaves are cured by air, flue, sun, or fire curing. Curing is followed by fermentation and aging, after which blends are prepared for different products. Leaves are categorized by grade and maturity to produce consistent flavors for cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless forms.

Nicotine is highly addictive; tobacco use is a major risk factor for cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Secondhand smoke harms non-smokers. Health risks come mainly from burning products and chemicals released during processing. Cessation reduces risk over time.

Tobacco is a major agricultural commodity in several countries. Global consumption has declined in some regions due to health measures but remains substantial elsewhere. Policies include taxes, advertising restrictions, health warnings, and age limits, along with smoke-free laws. International frameworks include the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.