Tirdzniecba

Tirdznieciba (trade) is the exchange of goods and services between economic agents, typically using money as a medium of exchange. It encompasses both domestic activity within a country and international activity across borders. Trade enables resource allocation, price formation, specialization, and a wider range of goods and services for consumers.

In domestic tirdznieciba, producers, retailers, and consumers interact through markets, shops, and online platforms. International tirdznieciba involves cross-border exchanges, supported by transportation networks, currency systems, and trade finance instruments. Efficient trade relies on reliable logistics, information flows, and regulatory frameworks that reduce friction and increase transparency.

Historically, trade emerged from barter and evolved with the use of currencies. The growth of markets, towns, and later globalization expanded the scale and complexity of exchange. Modern trade is shaped by institutions, policy, and technology, including digital commerce, storage, and automated supply chains.

Types and modes of tirdznieciba include barter and monetary trade, wholesale and retail transactions, and increasingly online and platform-based exchanges. International trade often involves complex value chains, import and export documentation, and standards for product quality and safety.

Economic theory explains gains from trade through concepts such as comparative advantage and absolute advantage. Trade policy includes instruments like tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers, with governance provided by organizations such as the World Trade Organization and regional agreements. Trade performance is measured by imports, exports, and the terms of trade, and it can influence employment, productivity, and income distribution.