Theotókos

Theotokos is a Greek term meaning "God-bearer" or "Mother of God." It is a title traditionally given to the Virgin Mary in Christian theology, particularly within Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic churches. The title emphasizes Mary's role as the mother of Jesus Christ, who Christians believe is both fully God and fully human.

The use of the term Theotokos gained prominence during the theological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries. A key moment was the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD, which affirmed the title against those who preferred "Christotokos" (Christ-bearer), arguing it separated Mary's motherhood from Jesus' divine nature. The council's decision solidified the theological understanding that Mary gave birth to the divine person of Jesus, not just his human nature.

While the term is most widely used in Eastern Christianity, the concept is also recognized in Western traditions, though often expressed with different terminology like "Mother of God." The veneration of Mary as Theotokos is a significant aspect of Orthodox piety, featuring prominently in hymns, icons, and liturgical practices. The title is seen as a testament to Mary's unique and exalted position in salvation history.