Tetraspannidae

Tetraspannidae is a family of freshwater and brackish water snails. These snails are part of the superfamily Cerithioidea. They are found in various aquatic environments, primarily in Africa and parts of Asia. The family name "Tetraspannidae" refers to the four whorls, or spirals, that characterize the shells of many of its members.

The shells of tetraspannid snails are typically ovate or conical in shape and vary in size from small to medium. They often exhibit distinct ribbing or spiral ornamentation. The aperture of the shell is usually rounded or ovate. The operculum, a calcareous or horny plate that closes the shell opening, is typically paucispiral.

Tetraspannids are generally herbivores, feeding on algae and detritus found in their aquatic habitats. They play a role in their ecosystems by contributing to nutrient cycling. Reproduction in tetraspannids is typically sexual, with some species exhibiting direct development and others releasing planktonic larvae.

This family includes several genera and species, with varying degrees of distribution and habitat preferences. Some species are adapted to slow-moving freshwater rivers and lakes, while others can tolerate brackish water conditions in estuaries and coastal areas. Research on tetraspannids continues to shed light on their evolutionary relationships, ecological roles, and potential for bio-indicator applications in aquatic environments.