Termitomyces

Termitomyces is a genus of basidiomycete fungi in the family Lyophyllaceae that encompasses a group of species forming a mutualistic relationship with termites, especially those in the subfamily Macrotermitinae. Common names for these fungi include termite mushrooms or termite fungi.

Ecology and biology: Termitomyces species live in termite mounds where termites cultivate the fungus on plant material as a fungus comb. The fungus helps decompose cellulose and other complex polymers, providing digestible nutrients to the termite colony. In return, termites maintain the fungus garden and supply a steady substrate. When conditions are favorable, these fungi produce large fruiting bodies that emerge from the soil or mound, often with stout stalks and broad caps.

Distribution and diversity: The genus is tropically distributed, with the greatest diversity in Africa and Asia. Described species numbers are variable, with estimates ranging from about 20 to more than 80. One well-known member is Termitomyces titanicus, noted for producing some of the largest edible mushrooms documented.

Uses and safety: Many Termitomyces species are edible and are collected for food in various regions of Africa and Asia, sometimes appearing in local markets and cuisines. Proper identification is important, as misidentification can lead to consumption of non-edible or less palatable look-alikes. Preparation typically involves cleaning and cooking to improve flavor and digestibility.

Research and significance: Termitomyces serves as a prominent example of obligate mutualism between fungus and termites. Studies examine coevolution, the mechanisms of fungal cultivation by termites, and nutrient exchange within the symbiosis. Some species are also investigated for distinctive aromas and potential bioactive compounds.