Teratogenita

Teratogenita refers to the property of a substance or agent to cause developmental abnormalities in a fetus. These abnormalities, known as birth defects or congenital malformations, can affect various parts of the body, including organs, limbs, and the central nervous system. The impact of a teratogen depends on several factors, including the dose of the agent, the duration of exposure, and the stage of embryonic or fetal development at the time of exposure. Different organ systems are most susceptible during specific periods of gestation.

Known teratogens include certain medications, such as thalidomide and isotretinoin, as well as infections like rubella and cytomegalovirus. Environmental factors like exposure to high levels of radiation or certain industrial chemicals can also be teratogenic. Alcohol and tobacco are also significant teratogens that can lead to a range of developmental problems, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

The mechanisms by which teratogens cause harm are diverse and can involve disrupting cell division, migration, differentiation, or apoptosis. They may also interfere with the synthesis of essential molecules or cause damage to cellular structures. Understanding teratogenita is crucial for public health, particularly in advising pregnant individuals about potential risks and recommending preventive measures. Research continues to identify new teratogenic agents and to elucidate the precise pathways through which they exert their effects.