Teorijas

Teorijas (theories) are systematic explanations of observations and phenomena that aim to account for how and why things happen. They organize knowledge into coherent frameworks that generate testable predictions and guide further inquiry. In science, a theory is not a guess; it is a well-substantiated explanation supported by a large body of evidence. Theories differ from hypotheses, which are testable statements that can be falsified, and from laws, which describe consistent relations under specified conditions.

Theories arise from the integration of empirical data, models, and conceptual reasoning. They are developed through observation, experimentation, and critical discussion, and they evolve over time as new evidence appears. The strength of a theory lies in its explanatory power, predictive accuracy, coherence with existing knowledge, and breadth of applicability.

Theories span domains such as natural sciences (evolutionary theory, germ theory, quantum theory, general relativity), mathematics (number theory, topology), and social sciences (utilitarian theory, social contract theory, game theory). They may be descriptive, explaining what happens, or normative, prescribing how things should be. Some theories serve as paradigms or frameworks that support research programs; others are models that simplify complex systems for analysis.

Limitations exist: theories are always provisional and subject to revision or rejection in light of new evidence. They are evaluated by falsifiability, testability, and the ability to integrate with or explain a wide range of phenomena. The history of science shows how theories can be superseded or refined, leading to deeper or more general explanations.