TechniquesXray

TechniquesXray is a framework and catalog of methods that use X-ray radiation to observe, analyze, and characterize materials, structures, and biological tissues. The term encompasses imaging, spectroscopy, scattering, and diffraction techniques applied across medical, industrial, and scientific domains. It serves as a reference for researchers organizing methods by principle, resolution, and interaction with matter.

Core techniques include X-ray imaging methods such as radiography, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography (CT) for visualizing internal features; X-ray diffraction for determining crystal structures; and X-ray scattering and spectroscopy such as small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS, including XANES and EXAFS) for material and chemical analysis.

Imaging and tomography use either conventional X-ray tubes or synchrotron sources. Detectors range from flat-panel digital detectors to photon-counting devices. Advances in phase-contrast, grating-interferometry, and diffraction-contrast imaging expand contrast mechanisms beyond traditional absorption.

Applications span medicine (diagnostic imaging, treatment planning), materials science (crystal structure, stress analysis), archaeology and cultural heritage (noninvasive examination), security screening, and industrial nondestructive testing. TechniquesXray emphasizes standardized terminology and interoperability of data formats to facilitate cross-domain use.

Limitations include radiation exposure, access to specialized facilities such as synchrotrons, and potential sample damage or radiation-induced artifacts. Ethical and safety considerations guide experimental design, data sharing, and compliance with regulations.