Talyshi

The Talyshi, also called Talysh, are an Iranian ethnic group native to the Caspian coastal region. They live mainly in Iran’s Gilan and Ardabil provinces and in the southern counties of Azerbaijan, around Astara, Lankaran, Lerik, and Masalli. Population estimates are uncertain, but the group forms a significant minority in both Iran and Azerbaijan.

They speak the Talyshi language (Talyshi), a Northwestern Iranian language. It is divided into Northern Talyshi and Southern Talyshi dialects, with regional variation and influence from surrounding languages such as Azerbaijani and Persian. The language has traditionally been written in Persian script in Iran; in the Soviet era and in Azerbaijan various scripts (Cyrillic and Latin) have been used, and ongoing efforts explore standardization and education in minority languages.

Culturally, the Talyshi have distinct music, folklore, and crafts. Their social practices reflect rural and coastal livelihoods, including agriculture, fishing, and trade along the Caspian coast. Most Talyshi are Muslims, with Shia Islam being prevalent in Iran and in adjacent Azerbaijan communities.

Historically, the Talyshi region has been part of successive Persian, Caucasian, and regional states. In the modern era, minority rights, language education, and cultural preservation have been central issues, with varying levels of recognition in Iran and Azerbaijan. The Talyshi continue to maintain a distinct identity through language, dress, and local traditions.