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TNO

TNO is an acronym with multiple uses in different domains. In astronomy, Trans-Neptunian Object refers to any minor planet or other small body that orbits the Sun at a distance beyond Neptune, roughly beyond 30 astronomical units. Most TNOs reside in the Kuiper belt or in more distant populations, and they exhibit a variety of orbital classes, including resonant, classical, scattered-disc, and detached objects. They are typically icy and dark, reflecting only a small portion of sunlight. The study of TNOs informs models of the early solar system and planetary migration. Notable members include Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Orcus, Gonggong, and Sedna; several are classified as dwarf planets. Ongoing surveys and occultation measurements continue to refine estimates of their sizes, compositions, and atmospheres.

The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, known by its Dutch acronym TNO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor

Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk
Onderzoek),
is
an
independent
Dutch
research
organization
that
provides
applied
scientific
research
and
technological
solutions.
It
collaborates
with
government
bodies,
industry,
and
academia
to
translate
scientific
knowledge
into
practical
applications
across
sectors
such
as
energy,
health,
information
technology,
defense,
and
the
environment.
TNO
operates
laboratories,
conducts
contract
research,
advises
policymakers,
and
contributes
to
innovation
ecosystems
within
the
Netherlands
and
internationally.
It
is
funded
by
government
contracts
and
client
projects
and
is
a
major
driver
of
the
Dutch
knowledge-based
economy.