Sähkökäyttöytyminen

Sähkökäyttöytyminen, often translated as electrokinetic phenomena, refers to a collection of effects that occur at the interface between a solid and a liquid. These phenomena arise from the presence of an electrical double layer, which forms when charged species in the liquid are attracted to the charged surface of the solid. The movement of the solid relative to the liquid, or vice versa, under the influence of an electric field or fluid flow, leads to these effects.

The primary electrokinetic phenomena include electrophoresis, electroosmosis, streaming potential, and sedimentation potential. Electrophoresis describes the motion of charged particles suspended in a fluid under an applied electric field. Electroosmosis is the bulk flow of a liquid through a porous material or capillary tube induced by an applied electric field. Streaming potential is generated when a liquid flows through a stationary charged channel or porous medium, creating a potential difference. Conversely, sedimentation potential, also known as the Dorn effect, is the potential generated when charged particles settle under gravity through a liquid.

These phenomena are crucial in various scientific and industrial applications. For instance, electrophoresis is widely used in biochemistry and molecular biology for separating molecules like DNA and proteins. Electroosmosis finds applications in microfluidic devices, water purification, and the remediation of contaminated soils. Understanding sähkökäyttöytyminen is fundamental for designing and optimizing many chemical and physical processes involving interfaces and charged systems.