Sávelmélet

Sávelmélet, a term of Hungarian origin, translates to "arch theory" or "vault theory." It primarily refers to a conceptual framework in engineering and architecture that emphasizes the structural principles and design considerations inherent in arches and vaults. The theory explores how these curved structures distribute loads, manage stress, and achieve stability through compression.

The core of sávelmélet lies in understanding the physics of arches. Unlike straight beams that primarily experience bending, arches and vaults efficiently transfer vertical forces to their abutments through a series of inclined forces. This means that the material itself is primarily subjected to compression, a force that many materials, like stone and brick, can withstand exceptionally well. The shape of the arch is crucial in this process, with the ideal form often described as an inverted catenary curve, although parabolic and semi-circular arches are also common and analyzed within this theoretical framework.

Sávelmélet also delves into the importance of proper support systems. The thrust generated by an arch or vault must be resisted by adequate abutments or by counteracting thrusts from adjacent arches or vaults. Without sufficient support, the structure can fail. The theory considers various types of arches and vaults, including Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance forms, analyzing their unique structural characteristics and aesthetic implications. It provides the underlying principles that guided builders for centuries, enabling the construction of grand cathedrals, bridges, and domes.