Surmas

Surmas, also called Suri, are an ethnic group of southwestern Ethiopia, primarily in the Lower Omo Valley along the Omo River. They belong to the Surmic branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family and speak the Suri language; they are closely related to other Surmic groups such as the Mursi and Nyangatom.

Population estimates place the Surma in the tens of thousands. Their economy is largely pastoralist and agro-pastoralist, centered on cattle, with some crop farming of sorghum and maize. Cattle wealth underpins social status and is central to marriage exchanges and other social transactions.

Culture and appearance: The Surma are known for elaborate body painting and beadwork used in ceremonies and daily life. One of the most widely observed features is the lip plate worn by some women, which involves piercing the lower lip and inserting a clay or wooden disk; size and style vary with age and status. Not all women wear lip plates, and practices vary by sub-group.

Social structure: Traditional life centers on extended families and clan ties, with ceremonies such as rites of passage and marriage rituals involving bride wealth. They maintain traditional beliefs about spirits and ancestors, with increasing influence from Christian denominations and Islam in some communities.

Contemporary issues: The Surma face pressures from land development, climate change, and resource extraction in the region, as well as tourism and external media attention. Some younger people pursue education and urban opportunities, leading to changes in customary practices and social life.