Sukkession

Sukkession is a term of art primarily used in biology and ecology to describe the sequential change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. This process typically occurs after a disturbance, such as a fire, flood, or volcanic eruption, or on newly formed land like lava flows or bare rock. Sukkession is not a random process; it follows a predictable pattern as different species colonize, establish themselves, and eventually give way to other species better adapted to the changing conditions.

There are two main types of sukkession: primary and secondary. Primary sukkession begins in an environment devoid of life and soil, such as a newly formed volcanic island or a retreating glacier. Pioneer species, often hardy lichens and mosses, are the first to colonize these barren areas, breaking down rock and creating the initial organic matter. As soil develops, larger plants like grasses and shrubs can establish themselves, followed by trees.

Secondary sukkession occurs in areas where a community previously existed but has been removed by a disturbance, such as a forest fire or clear-cutting. Because soil and some organisms may remain, secondary sukkession generally proceeds at a faster rate than primary sukkession. Weeds and fast-growing plants often colonize first, followed by shrubs and eventually mature forest species. The ultimate goal of both primary and secondary sukkession is often thought to be a climax community, a stable and self-perpetuating ecosystem that is well-adapted to its environment, though the concept of a fixed climax state is debated in modern ecology.