Subepochs

Subepochs are divisions of geological time smaller than an epoch. Epochs themselves are subdivisions of geological periods. For example, the Quaternary Period is divided into the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs. The Holocene Epoch, which began about 11,700 years ago, can be further divided into subepochs, though these are not as universally defined or standardized as the larger units of geologic time.

The concept of subepochs is more often used in specific regional studies or for very recent geological events where finer resolution is needed. For instance, in paleoclimatology or archeology, researchers might refer to distinct phases within an epoch that are characterized by specific environmental or cultural changes. These informal subdivisions are often named after local geological formations, significant climate shifts, or archaeological cultures.

Unlike epochs, which are officially recognized and demarcated by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) based on globally recognized stratigraphic boundaries, subepochs are typically more localized and their definitions can vary. Their utility lies in providing a more detailed chronological framework for understanding events within a specific epoch, particularly when precise dating is available through methods like radiocarbon dating. The ongoing study of Earth's history and the development of more precise dating techniques may lead to more formalized recognition of certain subepochs in the future.