Stx2producing

Stx2-producing refers to bacteria that express Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2), most commonly Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Shiga toxins inhibit protein synthesis in host cells and can cause cell death. Stx2, one of two main toxin types (Stx1 and Stx2), is frequently associated with more severe disease than Stx1, including potential progression to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).

In STEC, the stx2 genes are carried by bacteriophages and can be present in diverse serotypes. The most famous STEC is O157:H7, but many non-O157 serotypes also produce Stx2. Variants of Stx2 (such as stx2a, stx2d, and others) differ in potency and clinical associations, influencing disease severity and risk of HUS.

Epidemiologically, Stx2-producing strains are transmitted via contaminated food and water, contact with infected animals, and person-to-person spread. Common outbreak sources include undercooked ground beef, raw milk, contaminated produce, and other foods. Public health surveillance seeks to identify cases quickly to prevent further transmission.

Clinically, infection can range from mild gastroenteritis to bloody diarrhea, with a subset developing HUS, particularly in children and older adults. Diagnosis relies on detecting stx genes by molecular methods and confirming toxin production, often alongside stool culture. Treatment is primarily supportive; antibiotic use is controversial and may increase the risk of HUS in some cases.

Prevention focuses on proper food handling, cooking meats thoroughly, pasteurization, and good hygiene to reduce transmission of Stx2-producing organisms.